Livello Due. Mercoledì, il venti febbraio. Sesta lezione
Level Two. Wednesday, February 20. Sixth Lesson
-Compiti (homework) is at the bottom of this page. ____________________________________________________
- - Gli argomenti (the topics):
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- - Che cosa hai fatto? We talked about what we did last week, and so we learned some of the verbs that take essere as their auxiliary in passato prossimo. These are usually verbs that don't take a direct object. In general, they convey a motion, or a lack of motion, or a process of change. Here are some of them:
- andare
- venire
- partire
- uscire
- arrivare
- entrare
- tornare (ritornare)
- stare
- essere
- vivere (sometimes takes essere)
- nascere
- rimanere
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- - avere or essere? The auxiliary verb in the passato prossimo.
- Most verbs form the passato prossimo with avere.
- All verbs used transitively have avere as their auxiliary.
- Essere is the auxiliary for most verbs used intransitively.
- Transitive: Ho visto Maria. - I saw Maria. (transitive means it takes a direct object.)
- Intransitive: Sono andata al cinema. - I went to the cinema. (intransitive means it cannot take a direct object. (A verb used intransitively can take an indirect object, or an object of a preposition)
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- Passato prossimo with "essere": Making the past participle agree with the subject (in the past): If the auxiliary is essere, you have to change the last letter of the past participle to agree in gender and number with the subject. (See practice set 86).
Maria è andata al cinema.
Mario è andato al cinema.
Siamo tornati all'hotel.
Le ragazze sono arrivate.
Sono uscita. - I went out (feminine).
Sono uscito. - I went out (masculine).
-Passato prossimo with "avere": Mangiato, mangiata...
Making the past participle agree with direct object pronouns in the past: If you use a direct object pronoun (lo, la, li, le) with a verb that takes avere as its auxiliary verb, you must agree the past participle with the direct object pronoun: Ho mangiato la pizza. L'ho mangiata. Notice how mangiato becomes mangiata when you change the pizza into a feminine pronoun. Agreement with mi, ci, ti, and vi is optional.
(examples)
Ho mangiato il pomodoro. > Lo ho mangiato. (often elided to "L'ho mangiato".)
Ho mangiato la pizza. > La ho mangiata. (often elided to "L'ho mangiata".)
Ho mangiato le fragole. > Le ho mangiate.
Ho mangiato i piselli. > Li ho mangiati.
- - Un po' di = "some" or "a little bit of"
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- before uncountable singular noun:
- Vorrei un po' di pane.
- un po' d'olio.
- un po' di prezzemolo.
- un po' di vino.
- un po' di formaggio.
- un po' di gelato
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- before plural countable noun:
- un po' di biscotti
- un po' di fragole
- un po' di tagliatelle
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- - Other useful expressions of quantity:
- un chilo di - a kilo of...
- un litro di - a liter of...
- un bicchiere di - a glass of...
- un etto di - one-tenth kilo of...
- una bottiglia di - a bottle of...
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- Vorrei un etto di salame.
- Vorrei due etti di formaggio.
- Prendo un bicchiere d'acqua gasata.
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- -Two verbs in a sentence: Below is a two-way translation exercise we did in class. When you have two verbs in a sentence, you conjugate the first one, sometimes add a preposition, then use the infinitive of the second verb. The first verb determines whether or not you use a preposition, and which preposition to use:
- Voglio andare. - I want to go. (volere doesn't require a preposition)
- Comincio a lavorare. - I'm starting to work. (cominciare takes "a" before the infinitive)
- Finisco di pranzare. - I'm finishing eating lunch. (finire takes "di" before the infinitive)
- You will just need to memorize these. Also see page 190 for a review.
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- - "L'albergo" We practiced hotel vocabulary and situations. Click here for the vocabulary list (blue handout) we used in class.
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- - Parole da ricordare
- ora - hour, time (as in: "It's time to do something.")
- volta - time (as in: one time... that time...)
- tempo - time (in general) or weather
- aiutare - to help
- Sei pronta? - Are you ready? (fem)
- Non sono pronta. - I'm not ready. (fem)
- costoso - expensive
- un intervento - an operation
- schiena - back
- mi piace... - I like...
- Faceva bel tempo. - It was nice (weather).
- era un bel film - It was a good film.
- spegnere - to turn off
- spento - past participle of spegnere
- accendere - to turn on
- acceso - past participle of accendere
- fare le valigie - to pack the suitcases
- fare un biglietto - to buy a ticket
- vasca da bagno - bathrub
- C'è un ascensore? - Is there an elevator?
- a notte - per night
- un etto - one-tenth of a kilo (a little less than half a cup)
- due etti - two "etto's", two-tenths of a kilo.
- Vado a trovarla. - I'm going to visit her.
- Vieni a trovarmi? - Are you coming to visit me.
- Non ho mai visto... - I have never seen...
- Ho già cominciato a fare le valigie. - I've already started to pack the bags.
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- -Compiti (homework). The answers to all these Practice Sets are in the back of the text. Check your answers, and bring your questions to class.
1. Un pò di... Practice Set 44, page 136. The last half of these exercises shows you when you have a negative sentence, you do NOT need to use the partitive (di plus the definite article)
2. Tempo, ora, volta. Practice Set 50, page 147.
3. Passato prossimo with avere. The white handout from last week. Do the front and back of the second page: "Lei, lui, lei..." and "Noi".
4. Lo, la, li, le. & Agreeing the past participle with direct object pronoun (when the auxiliary is avere). Practice Set 85, page 217. Number 5 and Number 6 use "ne" which means "of them". We haven't studied "ne" yet.
5. Read page 220, 221. Passato prossimo with essere.
6. "Parlate con Noi." (our little booklet). Read page17 and memorize the first seven lines of the dialog at the top of the page, from "Dove sei..." to "... comprare le sigarette." There will be a prize for the most dramatic recitation.